Analysis of productive, social and economic diversity in the cotton sector of Paraguay, Peru and Bolivia.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22231/asyd.v22i3.1684Keywords:
cotton, family farming, public policies, rural development, typologyAbstract
This article examines the dynamics of family farming in the context of cotton production in Latin America in Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. It proposes a typology methodology to understand its diversity. The article results from the +Cotton project, an initiative of FAO, the Government of Brazil and seven Latin American countries to strengthen the cotton sector through trilateral South-South cooperation. The typology is based on the analysis of three baseline studies carried out in Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay between 2012 and 2016, using a proposal for the typification of family cotton farming based on its gross production value. The results confirm the diversity present in the family farming segment. In Paraguay, 50.16% of farmers are specialized, 3.16% are diversified and 11.15% are rural households; in Peru, 17.40% are specialized, 28.33% diversified and 54.27% are rural households; in the case of Bolivia, the categorization changed from family farmer to business farmer, resulting in 26.92% specialized, 19.23% diversified and 53.85% rural households. For the development of inclusive and effective policies, the study allows identifying and promoting elements that define the diversity of family farming. The typology is positioned as an effective tool to identify, analyze and understand diversity in the context of family farming, facilitating the promotion of sustainable and resilient practices in the region.
References
Apablaza GF, Dirceu B, Clerio P. 2023. Agroecological innovations, social technologies and family farming. A review. Rev. Est. de Políticas Públicas, 9(1). 64–78. https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-6296.2023.68618. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5354/0719-6296.2023.68618
Apoyo Consultoría. 2016. Levantamiento de la línea de base y análisis de los sistemas productivos y la cadena de valor del algodón. Documento Interno. Lima, Perú.
Bengoa J. 2003. “25 años de estudios rurales.” Sociologias, 5(10). 36–99. https://www.scielo.br/j/soc/a/Lssb6xPFB8CQ3GnBs8cX6NG/?format=pdf&lang=es DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-45222003000200004
Berdegué JA, Rojas F. 2014. La Agricultura Familiar en Chile. Documento Nº 152. En: Grupo de Trabajo Desarrollo con Cohesión Territorial. Rimisp, Santiago, Chile. https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/es/c/327735/. 42 p.
Berdegué JA, Fuentealba R. 2011. Latin America: The State of Smallholders in Agriculture. In: IFAD Conference on New Directions for Smallholder Agriculture 24–25. IFAD HQ, Rome, Italy, January 2011. International Fund for Agricultural Development. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689347.003.0005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199689347.003.0005
Banco Mundial. 2006. Project executive summary. International Assessment of Agricultural Science and Technology for Development. GEF Council. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/203501468140657739/pdf/36333.pdf. 52 p.
Bosc PM, Marzin J, Bélières JF, Sourisseau JM, Philippe B, Losch B, Pédelahore P, Parrot L. 2015. Defining, Characterizing and Measuring Family Farming Models. In: Family Farming and the Worlds to Come. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9358-2_3. pp: 37-55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9358-2_3
CEP (Centro de Estudios y Proyectos S.R.L). 2016. Levantamiento de la Línea de Base del Proyecto y Análisis de los Sistemas de Producción y complejo Productivo del Algodón. Centro de Estudios y Proyectos S.R.L. Documento Interno. La Paz, Bolivia.
CEPAL (Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe). 1989. Economía campesina y agricultura empresarial: tipología de productores del agro mexicano, 4a ed. Siglo XXI Editores: México. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/25265. 344 p.
CIDA (Comité Interamericano de Desarrollo Agrícola). 1966. Tenencia de la Tierra y desarrollo socioeconómico del sector agrícola, 2a ed. Comité Interamericano de Desarrollo Agrícola. United States. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14001/65257. 405 p.
Ellis F. 2008. The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 51(2). 289-302 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000. tb01229.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000.tb01229.x
Ellis F. 1998. Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies. 35(1). 1-38. 10.1080/00220389808422553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422553
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura). 2012. Marco estratégico de mediano plazo de la FAO en agricultura familiar en América Latina y El Caribe: 2012 – 2015. Documento de consulta con los países miembros. Santiago, Chile. https://www.fao.org/4/as169s/as169s.pdf. 45 p.
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura). 2016. Estado del arte del sector algodonero en países del Mercosur y asociados. FAO. Roma, Italia. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i7314s.
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura). 2019. Programa de Cooperación Internacional Brasil-FAO. +Algodón. https://www.fao.org/in-action/programa-brasil-fao/proyectos/sector-algodonero/es/.
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura) y ABC/MRE (Agencia Brasileña de Cooperación del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores). 2022. La trayectoria de la cooperación entre Brasil y la FAO en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago, Chile. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8915es. 48 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8915es
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura) y BID (Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo). 2007. Políticas para la agricultura familiar en América Latina y el Caribe. Soto F, Rodríguez M, Falconi C (eds), Santiago, Chile. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/0fa3ae9d-1d7c-461e-af3f-699e8726efcc/content. 145 p.
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura), ICAC (Comité Consultivo Internacional del Algodón). 2015. Measuring Sustainability in Cotton Farming Systems: towards a guidance framework. Expert Panel on Social, Environmental and Economic Performance of Cotton Production (SEEP). Rome, Italy. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/cb9d3c8e-13b6-47e0-8435-b3fec3833254. 168 p.
FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura) y FIDA (Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola). 2019. Plan Decenio de la agricultura familiar 2019-2028. Roma, Italia. http://www.fao.org/3/ca4672es/ca4672es.pdf.
Fasiaben MCR, De Oliveira A, Marim F, Maia A, Almeida M, De Oliveira O. 2013. Typology of sugarcane production in Brazil: the use of multivariate statistics on municipal data. In: Sixth International Conference on Agricultural Statistics (ICAS VI). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), Brazil, October 23-25th 2013. http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1017869.
Gladek E, Roemers G, Muños OS, Kennedy E, Fraser M, Hirsch P. 2017. The global food system: an analysis. Metabolic, Netherlands. Disponible en https://www.metabolic.nl/publication/global-food-system-an-analysis/. 180 p.
Gómez S. 1992. Dilemas de la sociología rural frente a la agricultura y el mundo rural en la América Latina de hoy. Serie Estudios Sociales N°31. FLACSO, Santiago, Chile. https://flacso.cl/biblioteca/product/dilemas-de-la-sociologia-rural-frente-a-la-agricultura-y-el-mundo-rural-en-la-america-latina-de-hoy/. 43 p.
IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). 2014. Family farming in Latin America: A new comparative analysis. Synthesis report. IFAD: Rome, Italy. https://www.ifad.org/documents/d/new-ifad.org/family-farming-in-latin-america-a-new-comparative-analysis_e-pdf. 36 p.
INE (Instituto Nacional de Estadística). 2017. Encuesta Agropecuaria 2015. Instituto Nacional de Estadística: La Paz, Bolivia. https://www.ine.gob.bo/index.php/publicaciones/encuesta-agropecuaria-2015/.
INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática). 2013. Resultados definitivos - IV censo nacional agropecuario 2012. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Lima, Perú. https://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/DocumentosPublicos/ResultadosFinalesIVCENAGRO.pdf.
Instituto Desarrollo. 2015. Levantamiento de la línea de base y el análisis de los sistemas productivos y la cadena de valor del algodón de la agricultura familiar. Documento de trabajo. Asunción, Paraguay.
Kay C. 2000. Latin America’s agrarian transformation: peasantisation and proletarianisation. In: Disappearing peasantries? Rural labour in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. D Bryceson, C Kay , J Mooij (eds). Intermediate Technology Publica-tions: England, https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/items/3e7a455b-a435-4080-b2f3-cc3e22fa3043. pp: 123–38.
Larson DF, Otsuka K, Matsumoto T , Kilic T. 2013. Should African rural development strategies depend on smallholder farms? An exploration of the inverse productivity hypothesis. Agricultural Economics. 45(3). 355–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12070
Leporati M, Salcedo S, Jara B, Boero V, Muñoz-Araya M. 2014. La agricultura familiar en cifras. In: Agricultura Familiar en América Latina y el Caribe: Recomendaciones de Política. Salcedo S y Guzmán L. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): Chile. pp.21. https://www.fao.org/4/i3788s/i3788s.pdf.
Lowder SK, Skoet J , Singh S. 2014. What do we really know about the number and distribution of farms and family farms worldwide? Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2014. ESA Working Paper No. 14-02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Italy. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.288983. 45 p.
Nogueira ACL, Zylbersztajn D. 2017. The agricultural corporations: typology and evidences. XX SemeAd - Seminários em Administração. USP, Brasil, 08 al 10 de noviembre de 2017. ISSN 2177-3866. https://login.semead.com.br/20semead/anais/arquivos/2374.pdf.
Olofsson M. 2019. Socio-economic differentiation from a class-analytic perspective: The case of smallholder tree-crop farmers in Limpopo, South Africa. Journal of Agrarian Change. 20(1). 37-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12335. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12335
Palmioli L, Grando S, Di Iacovo F, Fastelli L, Galli F, Prosperi P, Rovai M , Brunori G. 2020. Small farms’ strategies between self-provision and socioeconomic integration: effects on food system capacity to provide food and nutrition security. Local Environment. 25(1). 43–56 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1697869. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1697869
Perondi MA, Schneider S. 2012. Bases teóricas da abordagem de diversificação dos meios de vida. Revista REDES. 17(2). 117–135. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=552056839008.
van der Ploeg JD. 2017. Differentiation: old controversies, new insights. The Journal of Peasant Studies. 45(3). 489-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1337748. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2017.1337748
Pretty J, Toulmin C, William S. 2011. Sustainable intensification in African agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 9(1). 5–24. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2010.0583
Salcedo S, De La O Campos A, Guzmán L. 2014. El concepto de agricultura familiar en América Latina y el Caribe. In: Agricultura Familiar en América Latina y El Caribe: recomendaciones de política. Salcedo S, Guzman L., eds. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Santiago, Chile, https://www.fao.org/4/i3788s/i3788s.pdf. pp: 17–34.
Schneider S. 2010. Reflexões sobre diversidade e diversificação agricultura, formas familiares e desenvolvimento rural. Revista RURIS, 4(1). 85–131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53000/rr.v4i1.708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53000/rr.v4i1.708
Schneider S. 2016. La Agricultura Familiar en la cadena productiva del algodón en América Latina – elementos conceptuales y metodológicos para las políticas públicas. Documento de trabajo. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura. Santiago, Chile.
Schultz TW. 1964. Transforming Traditional Agriculture. The Economic Journal. 74(296). 996- 999. https://doi.org/10.2307/2228861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2228861
Schutter O. 2014. The transformative potential of the right to food. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food. In: Human Rights Council, 25th Session. UN HQ: Geneva, Switzerland. http://www.srfood.org/images/stories/pdf/officialreports/20140310_finalreport_en.pdf.
Scoones I. 2015. Sustainable Livelihoods and Rural Development. Agrarian change and peasant studies series. Practical Action Publishing, Rugby, UK. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780448749. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780448749
Sen A. 1989. Development as capability expansion. Journal of Development Planning. 19(1): 41-58. https://livelihoods.net.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/DEVELOPMENT-AS-CAPABILITY-EXPANSION.pdf. 142 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21136-4_3
Stringer LC, Fraser EDG, Harris D, Lyon C, Pereira L, Ward CFM, Smelton E. 2019. Adaptation and development pathways for different types of farmers. Environmental Science, Policy. 104. 174-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.10.007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.10.007
Tamburini G, Bommarco R, Cherico T, Kremen C, van der Heijden MGA, Liebman M, Hallin S. 2020. Agricultural diversification promotes multiple ecosystem services without compromising yield. Science Advances. 6(45). 1–8. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1715. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba1715
Van Averbeke W , Mohamed SS. 2006. Smallholder farming styles and development policy in South Africa: The case of Dzindi Irrigation Scheme. Agrekon, 45(2). 136–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2006.9523739. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2006.9523739
Warman A. 1988. Los estudios campesinos veinte años después. Comercio Exterior de México, 38(7). 653-658. https://www.calameo.com/read/006392519881d536997a3.
Wiggins S. 2009. Can the Smallholder model deliver poverty reduction and food security for rapidly growing population in Africa? In: Expert Meeting on How to feed the World in 2050. FAO HQ, Rome, Italy. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/123456789/2338/FAC_Working%20_Paper_08.pdf?sequence=1.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Sergio Schneider, Beatriz Marciel Ibañez, Adriana Calderan Gregolin, Emmanuel Felipe Salgado Funes, Mariana Falcão Dias
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal accept the following conditions:
- The authors retain the copyright and transfer to the magazine the right of the first publication, with the work registered with the Creative Commons attribution license, which allows third parties to use what is published as long as they mention the authorship of the work and the first publication in this magazine.
- Authors may make other independent and additional contractual arrangements for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the article published in this journal (e.g., including it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a book) as long as they clearly indicate that the work It was first published in this magazine.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish their work on the Internet (for example on institutional or personal pages) before and during the review and publication process, as it can lead to productive exchanges and greater and faster dissemination of the work. published (see The Effect of Open Access).
